This is the tutorial to fix “cannot find a valid baseurl for repo” error in CentOS. If you are going through the error ‘ how to fix “cannot find a valid baseurl for repo” error in CentOS Linux distribution’ while using YUM package manager then we have a solution for you.

Fix cannot find a valid baseurl for repo base/7/x86_64 error

Mostly, the reason behind this error can be the two.

Reason For “cannot find a valid baseurl for repo” error:

Your system might not be connected to the Internet and DNS not working.

Another Reason For “cannot find a valid baseurl for repo” error:

Issue with the repo configuration file /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.

Let’s have a look into the solution for the cannot find a valid baseurl for repo base/7/x86_64 error.

First Solution For cannot find a valid baseurl for repo base/7/x86_64 error:

Open your terminal and run a ping command to check whether your interest and DNS are working or not:

 ping itsubuntu.com

If you see the error something like ping: unknow host itsubuntu.com then there must be an issue with your internet or DNS. Now, run the command to edit network interface configuration files. Before running the command to edit the network interface configuration file. Run the following command to identify your network interface.

ip add

Now run the following command to edit the configuration for interface enp0s1 and try to add the DNS in the configuration file as shown.

vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s1

DNS1=10.0.2.2 
DNS2=8.8.8.8

Now, restart your network with the following command:

systemctl restart NetworkManager

If your CentOS is connected to the Internet and DNS is working fine, then there must be an issue with the repo configuration file. Open the repo configuration file with your favorite text editor. Here we are using Vi editor.

vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

In this repo file, you need to look for the [base] section and try uncommenting the baseurl by removing the leading # on the baseurl line. Save the file and exit. Now you should be able to run the Yum command without any issue.

yum update

The post How To Fix cannot find a valid baseurl for repo base/7/x86_64 error first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

Linux is all about commands. Linux system administrator are the one who mostly deals with commands in Linux. In this Linux command post, we will show you some of the useful command with examples for Linux system admin.

Useful Linux Commands For System Administrators

1. gzip – file compression and decompression command

gzip Command Syntax:

gzip [OPTIONS] [FILES]

gzip sounds.mp3

2. b2zip – file compression and decompression command similar to gzip

You need to install B2zip tool before starting using it.

sudo apt install bzip2     For Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install  bzip2    For CentOS/RHEL
sudo dnf install bzip2     For Fedora 22+

bzip2 option(s) filenames

3. dig – DNS lookup utility tool

Dig stands for Domain Information Groper and it is a network administration command-line tool for querying Domain Name System (DNS) name servers.

4. grep – Search a file for a pattern of characters, then display all matching lines

If you system doesn’t have grep installed then run the following command:

sudo apt install grep         For Debian, Ubuntu and Mint
sudo yum install grep         For RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux
sudo emerge -a sys-apps/grep  For Gentoo Linux
sudo apk add grep             For Alpine Linux
sudo pacman -S grep           For Arch Linux
sudo zypper install grep      For OpenSUSE

1. locate – Command to search files in Linux.
2. ps – information about the currently running processes in Linux.
3. cron – set up scheduled tasks to run.
4. nmcli – network management command.
5. traceroute – You can use this command to check the route packets take to a specified host.
6. mtr – network diagnostic tool.
7. nslookup – query Internet name servers (NS) interactively.
8. host – Command for DNS lookups in Linux.
9. uptime – shows system uptime and load average in Linux.
10. rsync –Rsync is a file copying tool. It is used for remote file transfers and syncing. Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a lqquick checkrq algorithm  that looks for files that have changed in size or in the last-modified time. It reduces the time of transfer.
11. top –  Command that shows an overall system view.
12. vmstat – Command that shows system memory, processes, interrupts paging, block I/O, and CPU info.
13. htop – Command to see the interactive process and manager.
14. dstat – You can run this command to view processes, memory, paging, I/O, CPU, etc., in real-time.
15. iftop – network traffic viewer
16. iotop – interactive I/O viewer. Get an overview of storage r/w activity.
17. iostat – for storage I/O statistics.
18. netstat – for network statistics.
19. ss – utility to investigate sockets.
20. atop – For Linux server performance analysis.
21. Glances and nmon – htop and top Alternatives:
22. ssh – secure command-line access to remote Linux systems.
23. sudo – execute commands with administrative privilege.
24. cd – directory navigation.
25. userdel – used to delete a user account and all related files.
26. usermod – used to modify or change any attributes of an existing user account.
27. pwd – shows your current directory location.
28. cp – copying files and folders
29. nethogs – network traffic analyzer.
30. .mv – moving files and folders.
31. rm – removing files and folders.
32. mkdir – create or make new directories.
33. touch – used to update the access date and modification date of a computer file or directory.
34. ip – from Iproute2, a collection of utilities for controlling TCP/IP networking and traffic control in Linux.
35. ls – list directory contents.
36. free – display memory usage.
37. scp – securely Copy Files Using SCP, with examples.
38. find – locates files based on some user-specified criteria.
39. ncdu – a disk utility for Unix systems.
40. pstree – display a tree of processes.
41. last – show a listing of last logged-in users.
42. w – show a list of currently logged-in user sessions.
43. man – for reading system reference manuals.
44. apropos – Search man page names and descriptions.
45. wget – retrieve files over HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and FTPS.
46. curl – transferring data using various network protocols
47. dd – convert and copy files.
48. fdisk – manipulate the disk partition table.
49. parted – for creating and manipulating partition tables.
50. blkid – command-line utility to locate/print block device attributes.
51. mkfs – build a Linux file system.
52. df – display disk space usage.
53. du – estimate file space usage.
54. fsck –  tool for checking the consistency of a file system.
55. whois – client for the whois directory service.
56. nc – command-line networking utility.
57. umask – set file mode creation mask.
58. chmod – change the access permissions of file system objects.
59. chown – change file owner and group.
60. chroot – run command or interactive shell with a special root directory.
61. useradd – create a new user or update default new user information.

The post Useful Linux Commands For System Administrators first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

How To Install Ubuntu 24.04 L iS Along With Windows 11

As we will be using Ubuntu 24.04 LTS in this tutorial, you need to download Ubuntu 24.04 LTS ISO from the official website of Ubuntu. You can get it from the link below.

Download Ubuntu 24.04 LTS ISO

Create a Live USB With  Ubuntu 24.04 LTS

You need to create a bootable USB drive with Ubuntu.

Prepare the Windows Operating System For Dual-Boot

You need to allocated the enough space so that you can install Ubuntu 24.04 LTS in it. It will be good enough if you can delete one of your available partitions and create enough available space for Ubuntu. If you can manage 100 GB of unallocated space for the Ubuntu 24.04 LTS installation then you can have the smooth installation of the Ubuntu 24.04 LTS along with Windows.

• Note: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS requires 25GB of disk space for the installation.

How to Boot from USB Drive

Boot your system from the Ubuntu 24.04 LTS bootable pen-drive.  If you are booting in the UEFI system then select Ubuntu 24.04 LTS  from the GRUB menu and then press Enter otherwise  you  need to access your BIOS setting to change the boot sequence on BIOS/UEFI to boot a system from DVD/USB.

• Follow the onscreen information as  you will see a welcome screen where you will get the option of installing Ubuntu or trying it.
• Click on the Install Ubuntu button
• In next windows select the keyboard setting. Choose the Keyboard and then click Continue to proceed further.
• In next screen, choose the type of installation. You can go either with Minimal Installation or Normal installation. You can have also the option of installing system updates and third-party software during OS installation.

Disk Partitioning

If you are in UEFI System you will see the following  options:

• Install Ubuntu alongside Windows Boot Manager
• Erase disk and install Ubuntu
• Something else

If you are in the Legacy system, then you will see something like this:

• Install Ubuntu Alongside Windows 11
• Erase disk and install Ubuntu
• Something else

In either case, You need to go with the something else option so that  you can create partitions manually with the size you want. We will create the following partition in the unallocated space or partition that you have allocated for the Ubuntu 24.04 LTS.

• /boot – 10GB (Optional for legacy bios system )
• /home – 30GB
• swap – 8GB
• / – Remaining space in your unallocated partition.

When finished, hit the Install Now button in order to apply changes to the disk and start the installation process of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS  alongside Windows 11.

On the next screen select your physical location from the map and then click Continue to move ahead.

It might take up to 30 minutes to complete. Once Ubuntu 22.04 LTS installation is complete.

• Click Restart Now to reboot the machine.
• After rebooting your system, Select Ubuntu from  the Grub menu. In Grub Menu,  you will see both Ubuntu 24.04 LTS and Microsoft Windows 11. Sometime you might have issues with GRUB menu. If you are unable to find the option in GRUB menu then you need to repair it so that you can see the Distro option.

Summary:
In this post you can find the step by step guide to install Ubuntu 24.04 LTS along side Windows 11 and setup the dual boot.

The post How To Install Ubuntu 24.04 LTS Along With Windows 11 first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

There are plenty of Window based software in the internet. Microsoft Windows ecosystem is huge and do doubt it is the leading in the race of the operating systems and the softwares too but Linux based ecosystem is also growing and you can find tons of software that works perfectly in Linux as an open source alternatives to Windows software in 2025.

Let’s have a look into the some of the best open source alternatives to Windows Software in 2025.

Best Open Source Alternatives To Windows Software In 2025

1.  Microsoft Office Alternatives For Linux

Microsoft office packages or Office suites is one of the most popular and widely used software in the world of Technology. It might be the number one software in term of widely used. Linux also have some amazing alternatives to Microsoft office packages.

LibreOffice: 

LibreOffice is a private, free and open source office suite.  It’s compatible with Microsoft Office/365 files (.doc, .docx, .xls, .xlsx, .ppt, .pptx). LibreOffice is the successor project to OpenOffice. LibreOffice is the most used and popular alternative to the Microsoft Office package. It is also available as a default office suite in most of the Linux operating system.

Gnome Office:

Apache OpenOffice:

Apache OpenOffice is another open-source and cross-platform office suite for Linux. It is developed by the Apache foundation. It comes up with Writer, Calc, Impress, Draw, Base and  Math apps.

Calligra:

KDE created the Calligra Suite, an office and graphic design suite. Word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, vector graphics, and database editing software are all included.

2. Adobe Photoshop Alternatives For Linux

The Windows operating system has a wide variety of image processing programs. Among the most widely used image processing and editing programs for Windows are Adobe Suite, Core Suite, and others. There are several excellent substitutes for image processing and editing programs that run on Windows.

GIMP: One of the top Linux image editing programs is Gimp. It might be regarded as a suitable substitute for Adobe Photoshop.

Krita: Krita is an open-source painting application for Linux-based systems. It serves as a substitute for programs like Corel Painter and Clip Studio Paint.

Inkscape: A well-liked substitute for Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw is Inkscape. It is employed in the processing of vector images.

DarkTable: DarkTable is an open source photography workflow application that also supports raw image processing. It is considered as an alternative to Adobe Lightroom.

3. AUTO CAD Alternatives For Linux

BRL-CAD : The oldest open-source and cross-platform CAD program is called BRL-CAD. Among its many features are an embedded scripting interface, network-distributed framebuffer support, path-tracing and photon mapping support for realistic image synthesis, interactive 3D solid geometry editing, high-performance ray-tracing support for rendering and geometric analysis, and image and signal-processing tools.

LibreCAD: Another well-liked cross-platform, open-source CAD program for Linux is LibreCAD. It is a substitute for the Autodesk AutoCad program.

FreeCAD: A substitute for SolydWorks software is FreeCAD. It is a well-known parametric 3D modeling program that is open-source. It is among the most popular Linux computer-aided design programs.

4. Adobe Audition Alternatives For Linux

AUDACITY: Audacity is a well-known program for editing audio that runs on Linux. It is a well-liked substitute for Adobe Audition. It is cross-platform, open-source, and free.

MIXXX: Mixxx is an open-source, free DJ mixing program. The utility is cross-platform. Effective Linux music production and mixing tool.

Ardour: A cross-platform, open-source program for Linux that allows you to record, edit, and mix audio.

5. Adobe Premier Alternatives For Linux

KDENLive: Based on the MLT Framework, KDE, and Qt, KDENLive is a free and open-source video editing program. It is regarded as a substitute for Sony Vegas, MAGIX, and Adobe Premier.

Shotcut: Another well-liked Linux video editing program is called Shotcut. 4K videos are also supported.

Natron: Natron is an open-source, cross-platform program for creating and editing videos. It is motion graphics and visual effects program. It is regarded as an Adobe After Effects substitute.

Openshot: Openshot is another popular video editing software that woks in almost all Linux based operating systems.

The post Best Open Source Alternatives To Windows Software In 2025 first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

Those who are fed up with the cPanel pricing scheme, which was originally free to use, and are searching for the best and most cost-free alternatives might refer to our list of free alternatives. One of the most widely used control panels for web hosting is called cPanel. which used to be free. Account-based pricing has now been introduced by cPanel and many users are looking for the alternatives.

List Of Best Free cPanel Alternatives In 2025

1. CentOS Web Panel

Let’s start our list with CentOS web panel. It is a free web hosting management cpanel tool.

CentOS Web Panel is a Free Web Hosting management control panel tool. If you are looking dedicated or VPS server management tool than  CentOS Web Panel is for you.

Install CentOS Web Panel:

For CentOS 8, Alma Linux and Rocky Linux:

At first,Install required packages for CWP installation

yum -y install wget

Run the following command to install EPEL repository to be able to install tools like wget:

yum install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
dnf install wget -y

Update your system:

yum -y update

Installer For CentOS 7:

cd /usr/local/src
wget http://centos-webpanel.com/cwp-el7-latest
sh cwp-el7-latest

For CentOS 8, Alma Linux and Rocky Linux

cd /usr/local/src
wget http://centos-webpanel.com/cwp-el8-latest
sh cwp-el8-latest

Or, If you want to download the CentOS web panel and wants to install by your own then you can download the file from the following link.

Download CentOS

2. Webmin:

Webmin is another popular web-based system administration tool. Webmin lets you to  manage Apache, DNS, files etc and it comes up with tons of features. Webmin has a user-friendly interface that can be the one of the best alternatives to cPanel.

Download Webmin

3. YunoHost

YunoHost is another alternative to cPanel. It is based on Debian based web server management tool.  It’s easy to use web admin tool will lets you easily control and manage your web server or hosting.

Download YunoHost

4. ISPConfig

ISPConfig is an open-source web server control panel software. It is free to use and can be the feature-rich alternative to the now premium cPanel software. With this tool, you can do webserver management, DNS management, Mail server management,Virtualization and many more.

Download ISPConfig

5. Ajenti

Ajenti is a lightweight web-hosting management tool. It is an open-source and Linux & BSD-based web admin panel. Due to it’s light weight feature, it can also run on old hardware or hardware with low specs.

Download Ajenti

6. aaPanel

aaPanel is a simple to use web server management tool. If you are aware of BAOTA panel ( Popular in China) then this one is the international version of it. This can be the best alternative to cPanel if you are looking for one of it.

Download aaPanel

7. Froxlor

Froxlor is an open-source  server management tool. Froxlor is a lightweight server management tool that is also considered as an alternative to Webmin.

Download Froxlor

8. Vesta CP

Vesta is an open source hosting control panel. It is written in a bash. It also has popular tool Softaculous auto installer that provides you the feature to install more than 439 apps with one click

Download Vesta CP

Summary: This is the list of cPanel alternatives that can be handy for you. Let us know if you wants to add any other software in this list.

The post Best FREE cPanel Alternatives In 2025 first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

This is a massive useful list of the best Linux applications. If you are a Linux user and use Linux operating systems on daily basis or even sometimes then this list can be of big help to you.

List Of Best Useful Linux Applications For 2025

Let’s start with  a list of the best media players for Linux In 2024

7 Best Media Players For Linux In 2025

1. VLC: It is free, open-source, and one of the most popular cross-platform multimedia players.
2. Audacious: The open-source, cross-platform audio player is simple to use.
   SMPlayer: SMPlayer is a cross-platform media player with built-in codecs. Due to the built-in codecs, you can play almost all video and audio formats in Linux.
3. Museek: Museek is a sleek and beautiful media player. It is available for multiple platforms.
4. Banshee: Banshee is another cool feature-rich media player.
5. Kodi: Kodi is a media software. Formerly known as XBMC, Kodi is an award-winning free and open-source software media player and entertainment hub.
6. Lollypop: Lollypop is a modern music player for GNOME

4 Best Image Editors For Linux In 2025

1. GIMP: One of the most popular and widely used image editing applications for Linux.
2. Inkscape: Vector graphics design software for Linux.
3. Krita: It is a professional FREE and open-source painting program
4. digiKam: digiKam is an advanced open-source digital photo management application. It is a lightroom alternative for Linux.

Best Internet Browsers For Linux In 2025

1. Firefox: One of the most powerful internet browsers right now.
2. Chrome: Google’s chrome is also widely used in Linux.
3. Opera: It is free to use an Internet browser for Linux, Microsoft Windows, Android, iOS, and macOS.
4. Chromium: Chromium is an open-source browser project.
5. Epiphany: It is a GNOME web browser based on the WebKit rendering engine.

Best Download Managers For Linux In 2025

1. FlareGet: It is a full-featured, multi-threaded download manager and accelerator for Windows, Mac, and Linux.
2. XDM: Xtreme Download Manager is a powerful download manager. XDM has a built-in video converter that lets you convert your downloaded videos to different formats.
3. MultiGet: Multiget is an easy-to-use GUI file download manager.

4 Best Video Editors For Linux In 2025

1. OpenShot: Popular and award-winning video editing application.
2. Kdenlive: Kdenlive is an acronym for KDE Non-Linear Video Editor. It is easy to use editor.
3. Blender: Blender is a free and open-source 3D creation suite. It is used for the 3D pipeline—modeling, rigging, animation, simulation, rendering, compositing and motion tracking, video editing, and 2D animation pipeline.
4. VEED. IO: VEED is video editing, screen recording, and live-streaming software with a simple drag-and-drop interface.

Best Server Monitoring Tools For Linux In 2025

1. Cacti: Open-source web-based network monitoring tool.
2. Icigna: Open-source computer system and network monitoring application.
3. Nagios Core: Nagios Core, is a free and open-source computer-software application that offers monitoring and alerting services for servers, switches, applications, and services.
4. Zabbix: Zabbix is an enterprise-class open-source monitoring software tool.

Best Backup Software For Linux In 2025

1. Kbackup: KBackup is an application that lets you back up your data in a simple, user-friendly way.
2. Rysnc: It is a utility for efficiently transferring and synchronizing files between a computer and an external hard drive, and can be used to back up your file to an external drive.
3. sbackup: Simple backup solution for Gnome desktop.
4. Bacula: Enterprise-level open Source Backup Software.
5. AMANDA: AMANDA, the Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver, is an open-source backup solution that allows the IT administrator to set up a single master backup server to back up multiple hosts over the network to tape drives/changers or disks or optical media.
6. Clonezilla: It is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program.
7. restic: Easy-to-use backup program.
8. BackupPC: Highly configurable and easy-to-use enterprise-grade system for backing up to a server’s disk.

Best Email Clients For Linux In 2025

1. Thunderbird: It is a free & open-source email client.
2. Evolution: It is another free and open-source email client that is developed by the GNOME project.
3. KMail: KMail is a popular, secure, and easy-to-use email client.
4. Sylpheed: Simple, lightweight but feature-rich, and easy-to-use e-mail client.
5. Geary: Email client for Gnome desktop.

Best Screen Recording Tools For Linux In 2025

1. Kazam: It is a simple and feature-rich tool to record your screen along with capturing screenshots.
2. SimpleScreenRecorder: Simple program to record programs and games on Linux desktops.
3. recordMyDesktop: Easy-to-use desktop recorder.
4. OBS: OBS or Open Broadcaster Software is a free and open-source software for video recording and live streaming.

Best Screenshot Tools For Linux For 2025

1. Flameshot: Powerful yet simple-to-use screenshot software.
2. GNOME Screenshot: a Lightweight tool that takes a screenshot of a Linux desktop.
3. Shutter: It is a feature-rich screenshot program.  You can take a screenshot of a specific area, window, whole screen, or even of a website and save it.

Best Office Packages For Linux In 2025

1. LibreOffice: Without any doubt, LibreOffice is the most popular software for Linux-based platforms. It is a powerful office suite.
2. Apace OpenOffice: Another easy-to-use open-source office suite for Linux.
3. WPS Office: Free to use, sleek, and cross platforms office software package.
4. Calligra Suite: It is a set of office applications for Linux.

Best FTP Software For Linux In 2024

1. FileZilla: Popular and free-to-use FTP software for Linux.
2. CrossFTP: CrossFTP is a powerful FTP client for Windows, Mac, and Linux.

Best Google Drive Clients For Linux In 2025

1. Gosync: Open source Google Drive client written in python.
2. Insync: Feature-rich Google Drive desktop client for Linux.
3. Rclone: Rclone is a command-line program to sync files and directories to and from Google Drive and similar services.

Best IDE For Linux In 2025

1. Atom: A cool text editor from Github.
2. Netbean: Popular IDE in Linux.
3. Sublime: Easy to use, simple, and sleek editor.
4. CodeLite: CodeLite is an open-source, free, cross-platform IDE specialized in C, C++, PHP, and JavaScript.
5. Eclipse: Feature-rich and heavyweight IDE for Linux.
6. Bluefish: Powerful but not so popular IDE.
7. JetBrains : Our team in Itsubuntu also uses this tool. One of the best in the market right now.
8. Bracket: Open source and modern text editor.

Best USB Image Writer For Linux In 2025

1. Rufus: Easy to use and create bootable USB flash drives, such as USB keys/pen drives, memory sticks, etc.
2. Etcher: Sleek tool to create bootable USB in Linux.
3. Gnome Multiwriter: GNOME MultiWriter can be used to write an ISO file to multiple USB devices at once.
4. UNetbootin: Easy-to-use software to create a bootable Live USB drive.
5. MultiBootUSB: MultiBootUSB is a cross-platform software that allows you to install multiple live Linux on a USB disk non-destructively and the option to uninstall distros.

Best Virtualization Tools For Linux In 2025

1. VirtualBox: It is an open-source app that can be used for general-purpose OS virtualization.
2. VMware Workstation Player: For Linux users, It is free of charge if you use it for personal purposes.
3. Qemu: Free and open-source machine virtualizer and emulator for Linux.

The post List Of Best Useful Linux Applications For 2025 first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

You can find the tons of useful books that you can use in your daily life where Linux is used. There are shell programming, Linux servers, Linux for beginners and so on.

Shell Programming Ebooks 2025:

1. Advanced Bash Scripting Guide by Mendel Cooper (PDF)
2. Advanced Bash Scripting Guide by Mendel Cooper (HTML)
3. Bash Reference Manual
4. Bash Guide for Beginners by Machtelt Garrels (PDF)
5. Bash Reference Manual
6. UNIX/Linux Bourne / Bash Shell Scripting Tutorial
7. Programming the Unix/Linux Shell by C. Cantin
8. Sed An Introduction
9. Bash Guide for Beginners by Machtelt Garrels (HTML)
10. C shell Cookbook
11. O’Reilly Learning the Korn Shell

150+ Best Linux Books For Beginners To Advanced Linux Users [2025]

1. 1. Linux From Scratch Author: Gerard Beekmans
   2. Linux For Newbies Author: Multiple Authors.
   3. An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi Author: William Joy, Mark Horton (PDF)
   4. Gawk: Effective AWK Programming Author: Arnold Robbins
   5. Bash Shell Scripting Tutorial Author: Steve Bourne
   6. Basic Graphics Programming With The Xlib Library Author: Actcom
   7. Easy Shell Scripting Author: Blessen Cherian
   8. Embedded Software Development with eCos Author: Anthony J. Massa
   9. Fedora 10 Installation Guide Author: Red Hat, Inc.
   10. Beyond Linux from Scratch Author: Mark Hymers
   11. Free for All Author: Peter Wayner
   12. Linux Quick Fix Notebook by Peter Harrison (PDF)
   13. Linux Security Administrator’s Guide by Dave Wreski
   14. Getting Started With Ubuntu Author: The Ubuntu Manual Team
   15. Linux in a Windows World Author: Roderick W. Smith
   16. Linux in the Workplace Author: SSC
   17. Linux Gazette Author: Ben Okopnik
   18. Linux Guide Author: Joshua Go
   19. Brian and Tom’s Linux Book Author: Brian P. Bilbrey and Tom Syroid.
   20. Desktop Linux Author: Wikipedia
   21. A Byte of VIM Freeware (PDF)
   22. Linux Packet Filtering and IPtables by Oskar Andreasson
   23. Linux Parallel Processing HOWTO by Hank Dietz (PDF)
   24. Linux Patch Management by Michael Jang (PDF)
   25. Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up To Date by Michael Jang (PDF)
   26. Linux Professional Institute (LPI) Exam Prep by IBM
   27. A Slackware Desktop Enhancement Guide Author: Darrell Anderson
   28. Advanced Linux Programming Author: Mark L. Mitchell, Alex Samuel, Jeffrey Oldham
   29. Agustin’s Linux Manuals Author: Agustin Velasco
   30. Getting started with WebSphere Application Server Author: Jiang Lin Quan, at al.
   31. GNU Autoconf, Automake, and Libtool Author: Gary V. Vaughan, Ben Elliston, Tom Tromey, and Ian Lance Taylor
   32. GNU Emacs Manual Author: Richard M. Stallman
   33. GNU/Linux Basic Author: J.L. Sanchez-Montanes, S.B. Ramos, R.B. Vinas, F.A. Llinas (PDF)
   34. GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary Author: Gareth Anderson
   35. GNU/Linux Desktop Survival Guide Author: Graham Williams
   36. GTK+ / Gnome Application Development Author: Havoc Pennington (PDF)
   37. Guide to ARMLinux for Developers
   38. Knowing Knoppix
   39. Guide to IP Layer Network Administration with Linux by Martin A. Brown
   40. Learning Debian GNU/Linux by Bill McCarty
   41. Learning Old School Linux by Ed Hartnett
   42. Learning the Korn Shell by Bill Rosenblatt and Arnold Robbins (PDF)
   43. Learning the vi Editor by Linda Lamb and Arnold Robbins (PDF)
   44. Life with Qmail by Dave Sill
   45. Introduction To Linux: A Hands On Guide For Beginners by Machtelt Garrels (HTML)
   46. Is Parallel Programming Hard, And, If So, What Can You Do About It? by Paul E. McKenney
   47. Linkers and Loaders by Morgan-Kaufman (PDF)
   48. Linux 101 Examination by Leading Edge Business Solutions (PDF)
   49. Linux 101 Hacks by Ramesh Natarajan
   50. Debian GNU/Linux Desktop Survival Guide by Graham Williams
   51. Debian GNU/Linux System Administrator’s Manual by Ardo van Rangelrooij, Tapio Lehtonen, and Oliver Elphick.
   52. Introduction to Linux by Brandon Chisham (PDF)
   53. Introduction to Linux: A Hands-on Guide by Machtelt Garrels (PDF)
   54. Java Application Development on Linux by Carl Albing, Michael Schwarz
   55. KDE 2.0 Development by David Sweet
   56. Linux 102 Examination by Leading Edge Business Solutions (PDF)
   57. Linux Administration Made Easy by Steve Frampton
   58. Linux Administrator’s Security Guide by Kurt Seifried
   59. Linux Advanced Routing and Traffic Control by Bert Hubert, at al.
   60. Linux Application Development Using Websphere Studio 5 by Osamu Takagiwa, at al. (PDF)
   61. Linux Client Migration Cookbook by IBM.Com/Redbooks (PDF)
   62. Linux Compute Clusters
   63. Guide to Managing Media and Public Relations in the Linux Community Author: Sheldon Rose
   64. Linux Device Drivers by Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman
   65. Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition by J. Corbet, A. Rubini, G. Kroah-Hartman
   66. Linux Dictionary by Binh Nguyen (PDF)
   67. Linux Filesystem Hierarchy by Binh Nguyen (PDF)
   68. Linux Inside by 0xAX
   69. Linux Installation and Getting Started by Matt Welsh, at al.
   70. Linux Internals by Simone Demblon, Sebastian Spitzner (PDF)
   71. Linux IPv6 HOWTO by Peter Bieringer
   72. Linux Kernel Crash Book by Igor Ljubuncic
   73. Linux Kernel in a Nutshell by Greg Kroah-Hartman
   74. Linux Kernel in a Nutshell by Greg Kroah-Hartman
   75. Linux Know-How by Epina GMBH
   76. Linux Network Administrator’s Guide by Olaf Kirch & Terry Dawson
   77. Linux Network Administrator’s Guide, 2nd Edition by Olaf Kirch & Terry Dawson
   78. Linux Network HowTo by Neil Gunton
   79. Linux Newbie Administrator Guide by Stan, Peter and Marie Klimas (PDF)
   80. Linux Security for Beginners by Linuxtopia
   81. Linux Security HOWTO by K. Fenzi, D. Wreski
   82. Linux Shell Scripting A Beginner’s handbook by Vivek G. Gite
   83. Linux Sound by Jan Newmarch
   84. Linux System Administration by Matthew West
   85. Linux Systems Programming by Jonathan Macey
   86. LINUX: Rute User’s Tutorial and Exposition by Paul Sheer (PDF)
   87. Managing Linux Systems with Webmin by Jamie Cameron (PDF)
   88. Managing Linux Systems with Webmin by Jamie Cameron (PDF)
   89. Linux Packet Filtering and IPtables by Oskar Andreasson
   90. Linux Parallel Processing HOWTO by Hank Dietz (PDF)
   91. Linux Patch Management by Michael Jang (PDF)
   92. Linux Patch Management: Keeping Linux Systems Up To Date by Michael Jang (PDF)
   93. Linux Professional Institute (LPI) Exam Prep by IBM
   94. Linux Quick Fix Notebook by Peter Harrison (PDF)
   95. Linux Quick Fix Notebook by Peter Harrison (PDF)
   96. Linux Security Administrator’s Guide by Dave Wreski
   97. Managing Projects with GNU Make, 3rd Edition by Robert Mecklenburg
   98. Maximum RPM by Edward C. Bailey
   99. Official Ubuntu Documentation by Ubuntu
   100. OPEN LOOK User’s Guide by Ian Darwin, Valerie Quercia, and Tim O’Reilly
   101. OpenSUSE Desktop Essentials by Neil Smyth
   102. Pocket Linux Guide by David Horton
   103. Programming From The Ground Up by Jonathan Bartlett
   104. Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers by Detlef Fliegl
   105. Programming Linux Games by John R. Hall (PDF)
   106. Puppy Linux by Wikibooks
   107. Red Hat Linux 7 Unleashed by William Ball
   108. Red Hat Linux Unleashed by Kamran Husain and Tim Parker (PDF)
   109. Running Linux by Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, Terry Dawson, Lar Kaufman
   110. Running Linux by Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, and Lar Kaufman (PDF)
   111. Samba-3 by Example by John H. Terpstra (PDF)
   112. Securing & Optimizing Linux: The Ultimate Solution by Gerhard Mourani (PDF)
   113. Securing and Hardening Red Hat Linux Production Systems by Werner Puschitz
   114. Securing and Optimizing Linux: The Ultimate Solution by Gerhard Mourani (PDF)
   115. Self-Service Linux: Mastering the Art of Problem Determination by Mark Wilding and Dan Behman (PDF)
   116. Self-Service Linux: Mastering the Art of Problem Determination by Mark Wilding, Dan Behman (PDF)
   117. Sidux: Unofficial User Guide by Pawel
   118. Slackware Linux Essentails, 2nd Edition by D. Cantrell, L. Johnson, A. Hicks, C. Lumens
   119. Slackware Linux Unleashed by Kamran Husain
   120. Step-by-Step Linux Guide by M. B. G. Suranga De Silva
   121. Step-by-Step Guide to Bodhi Linux by Roger Carter
   122. Step-by-Step Linux Guide by M. B. G. Suranga De Silva (PDF)
   123. SUSE Linux Administration Guide by Frank Bodammer, Stefan Dirsch, et al.
   124. Test Driving Linux by David Brickner
   125. The Big Online Book of Linux Ada Programming by Ken O. Burtch
   126. The CTDP Linux User’s Guide by Mark Allen
   127. The Debian Administrator’s Handbook by Raphaël Hertzog and Roland Mas.
   128. The Easiest Linux Guide You’ll Ever Read by Scott Morris
   129. The Linux Command Line by William E. Shotts, Jr.
   130. The Linux Cookbook: Tips and Techniques for Everyday Use by Michael Stutz
   131. The Linux Development Platform – Configuring, Using, and Maintaining a Complete Programming Environment by Rafeeq Ur Rehman, Christopher Paul (PDF)
   132. The Linux Gamers’ HOWTO by Peter Jay Salzman, Frederic Delanoy
   133. The Linux Kernel by Andries Brouwer
   134. The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide by Peter Jay Salzman, Michael Burian, Ori Pomerantz (HTML)
   135. The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide by Peter Jay Salzman (PDF)
   136. The Linux Programmer’s Guide by Sven Goldt, at al.
   137. The Linux Starter Pack by Linux Format Magazine
   138. The Linux System Administrator’s Guide by Lars Wirzenius, at al.
   139. The Linux Wireless LAN Howto by Jean Tourrilhes
   140. The Little Book of Semaphores by Allen B. Downey
   141. The LPIC-2 Exam Prep by Wim-Jan Hilgenbos, Alain van Hoof, Heinrich W. Klöpping, Beno T.J. Mesman, Piet W. Plomp, Willem A. Schreuder
   142. The Official Samba-3 HOWTO and Reference Guide by John H. Terpstra, Jelmer R. Vernooij
   143. The Operating Systems Handbook by Bob DuCharme
   144. The Ultimate Linux Newbie Guide by Alistair Ross
   145. Ubuntu – An Absolute Beginner’s Guide by Courtney Loo
   146. Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) by Chua Wen Kiat
   147. Ubuntu Apps: Application Directory, Tips, and Customization Guide by Kevin Prag
   148. Ubuntu Server Succinctly by José Roberto Olivas Mendoza
   149. Understanding the Linux Virtual Memory Manager by Mel Gorman
   150. Understanding the Linux Virtual Memory Manager by Mel Gorman
   151. User Mode Linux by Jeff Dike
   152. Motif Programming by Dave Marshall
   153. Wireless LAN Resources For Linux by HP
   154. X Window Programming by Wikibooks
   155. Ubuntu Hacks by Jonathan Oxer
   156. Using Samba by R. Eckstein, D. Collier-Brown, P. Kelly
   157. XView Reference Manual by Thomas Van Raalte
   158. Beej’s Guide to Unix Interprocess Communication by Brian “Beej Jorgensen” Hall
   159. Bourne Shell Scripting by Wikibooks
   160. Debugging C and C++ code in a Unix Environment by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray) and I.G. Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper
   161. Effective AWK Programming by Arnold D. Robbi
   162. Conquering the Command Line by Mark Bates
   163. Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide by Mendel Cooper
   164. AIX Reference for Sun Solaris Administrators by IBM Redbooks
   165. An Awk Primer by Aurelio A. Heckert
   166. ANSI C for Programmers on UNIX Systems by Tim Love
   167. Bash Guide for Beginners by Machtelt Garrelsns
   168. Learning About UNIX-GNU/Linux
   169. Guide to X11 by Steve Ambler, et al.
   170. Introduction to Unix by F.G. Fiamingo, L. DeBula, L. Condron
   171. Learning the vi editor by Wikibooks
   172. Errors: errno in UNIX programs by Chris Herborth
   173. Filesystem Hierarchy Standard by R. Russell, D. Quinlan, C. Yeoh
   174. Learning the Unix Operating System by Jerry Peek, Grace Todino, and John Strang
   175. GNU Bash Reference Manual by Chet Ramey, Brian Fox
   176. Guide to Unix by Wikibooks
   177. Mac OS X for Unix Geeks by Brian Jepson and Ernest E. Rothman
   178. Ubuntu Pocket Guide and Reference by Keir Thomas
   179. X WINDOWS by Dr A D Marshall
   180. Programming from the Ground Up by GNU
   181. Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO by David A. Wheeler
   182. The Art of UNIX Programming by Eric S. Raymond
   183. MH and xmh: Email for Users and Programmers by Jerry Peek
   184. The UNIX-Haters Handbook by Simson Garfinkel, Daniel Weise, Steven Strassmann
   185. Unix KornShell Quick Reference by Freeware
   186. The Book of Webmin by Joe Cooper
   187. The Craft of Text Editing by Craig A. Finseth
   188. The Daemon, the Gnu, and the Penguin by Peter H. Salus
   189. UNIX – Filesystem Hierarchy Standard by Rusty Russell, Daniel Quinlan, and Christopher Yeoh
   190. The Unix Programming Environment by Mark Burgess
   191. The UNIX-HATERS Handbook by Simson Garfinkel, Daniel Weise, Steven Strassmann
   192. Unix in a Nutshell by Arnold Robbins
   193. UNIX System Security: A Guide for Users and System Administrators by David A. Curry
   194. UNIX Systems Programming for SVR4 by David A. Curry
   195. UNIX Text Processing by Dale Dougherty, Tim O’Reilly
   196. Writing GNOME Applications by John R. Sheets
   197. Motif Programming Manual by Dan Heller, Paula Ferguson, David Brennan
   198. Unix System Administration by Frank G. Fiamingo
   199. Network Programming Under Unix Systems by Actcom
   200. A Comprehensive Guide to FreeBSD by VMUNIX
   201. BSD vs Linux by Freeware
   202. Linux Administrators Security Guide
   203. Porting UNIX Software by Greg Lehey
   204. FreeBSD System Programming by Nathan Boeger / Mana Tominaga
   205. FreeBSD System Programming by Silberschat
   206. Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD 6.X and 7.X by The FreeBSD Documentation Project
   207. The Complete FreeBSD by Greg Lehey
   208. The Complete FreeBSD: Documentation from the Source by Greg Lehey
   209. Linux Security for Beginners by Neil A. Smyth
   210. Linux Security HOWTO by K. Fenzi, D. Wreski
   211. Wireless LAN Resources For Linux by HP
   212. X Window Programming by Wikibooks
   213. X WINDOWS by Dr A D Marshall

Please don’t forget to comment below if you find any broken links in this article.

The post Best Linux Books For Beginners To Advanced Linux Users In 2025 first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

A frontend, a web server, and a network are some of the essential components that make up a website. The Apache web server is open-source and free. Various user categories who request numerous site pages are served content by a web server. You therefore require a trustworthy option. Many enterprises have chosen Apache as their first option.

Apache enables organizations to serve content to users as per demand and improves the browsing experience. The latest versions of the web server come with advanced security features. However, is SSL certification necessary for the Apache servers? WHY?

An example is the Java library called Log4J, which has been a significant cyber threat for many organizations using Apache servers. Similarly, several cyber threats need security measures. Therefore, installing an SSL certificate on Apache in Linux or any other server comes organically, especially to counter vulnerabilities like Log4J.

So, let us begin by understanding the SSL certification process and a brief history of the Apache server first.

Latest information about Apache history and versions

One of the most widely used servers in the open-source community is the Apache web server, which was created by Robert McCool. In 1994, McCool built an HTTPd webserver while he was employed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.  However, it was built and released in 1995 and became popular in 1996. One of the most significant impacts of the Apache server was the meteoric rise of Linux as a server platform. It has celebrated its 25th birthday as a project in February 2020.

The latest version of Apache-version 2.4.62 (as of writing) comes with many changes,

• Run-time Loadable MPMs: Multiple MPMs can now be built as loadable modules at compile time. The MPM of choice can be configured at run time via LoadModule directive.
• Better support for asynchronous read/write for supporting MPMs and platforms.
• <If>, <ElseIf>, and <Else> sections can be used to set the configuration based on per-request criteria.
• The new AllowOverrideList directive allows more fine grained control which directives are allowed in .htaccess files.
• FastCGI Protocol backend for mod_proxy
• New module to restrict certain HTTP methods without interfering with authentication or authorization.
• Replaces the apparent client remote IP address and hostname for the request with the IP address list presented by a proxies or a load balancer via the request headers.

Now that we have discussed the latest Apache version, how it supports SSL certificate configuration for advanced security. Let us understand the installation process.

How to generate a CSR code on Apache?

Understanding the SSL certification process is crucial before you generate a certificate signing request or CSR. SSL certificates are based on asymmetric encryptions; two security pairs are generated for encryption and decryption.

The process begins when you purchase an SSL certificate from a trustworthy CA. Next, for the issuance process, you require to submit the CSR.

Here is a step-by-step process to generate a CSR on Apache for a premium SSL:

• Connect to your server terminal through a Secure Shell (SSH)
• Generate a private key pair with CSR files
• Use the following command in the terminal

openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout mydomain.key -out mydomain.csr

• Add specific details regarding your organization in the CSR like

Country name-It requires a two-letter code for the country of business location for validation purposes.

State name- A data that specifies the business registered in which province.

Locality name- Specifies the business address.

Organization legal name- provides the registered and legally bound business name.

Email address- as a part of the contact details for verification and sending SSL files

• After entering the company details, OpenSSL will create two files- one for the private key and the other for CSR
• Save the CSR file on your device and submit it to the CA for the verification process.

Now that your CSR has been submitted, you need to send it to the SSL provider. After that, the configuration process is done, and an applicant has to provide business-related legal documents and provide all required details. After completing the domain validation process via either email, file verification, or CNAME base, the authority inspects the documents and further verifies through phone verification. Finally, the CA issues a certificate, which needs to be installed on the server. The CA sends the certificate in a registered email.

This may differ depending on the SSL provider, but generally, all CAs have a similar process.

Install an SSL Certificate on Apache 

First, copy the certificate files stored on your local device to the server. You will receive the SSL certificate file in a bundle through email by CA. Now download the intermediate certificate, and primary certificate from the bundle received in the mail to the local device.

Upload Certificate File on The Server:

Copy these certificate files on the server directory and make them readable only by root. To upload the files, you may need to use your server’s control panel (if available), or a file-transfer tool (SFTP). And then you need to find the config file on your server.

Locate Apache Configuration File:

It is important to note that name and location of files can vary for different servers. However, for Apache, it is mostly “httpd.config” or apache2.conf. The location of these files will be in /etc/httpd or /etc/apache2/.

Now open the SSL certificate config in a virtual host block. The config file will be in the directory-/ etc/httpd/, /etc/apache2/ or /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf. Let’s discuss an alternate way of installing an SSL certificate in Apache Linux,

• Use the following command for configuring the virtual hosts. You need to add/modify the virtual host in port 443. You should take a backup before making any changes to Virtual Host. Save file as *.conf_backup.
• Check the below directives with their status.
• SSLEngine on
• SSLCertificateFile- It shows the location of the Certificate
• SSLCertificateKeyFile- It shows the location of your Private Key.
• SSLCertificateChainFile It is the location of the CA-Bundle file.
• The Virtual Host will look as follows:

<VirtualHost *:443>

DocumentRoot /var/www/html2

ServerName www.mydomain.com

SSLEngine on

SSLCertificateFile /path/to/my_domain_name.crt

SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/my_private.key

SSLCertificateChainFile /path/to/yCA.crt

</VirtualHost>

• Check the config files for errors through apachectl configtest
• Restart the Apache server, and the SSL configuration is complete.

Now that the SSL certificate is installed, it is time to test it.

Test your SSL installation.

Once the SSL certificate is installed on the Apache server, you can check it using different available tools. For example, many SSL installation checker tools help you find vulnerabilities and errors in configurations once you have installed the certificate.

(Optional) Redirect HTTP to HTTPS

Now that you have an SSL certificate, you can use HTTPS for your domain. To set it up, you need to edit your Apache conf file again. This is how it should look like:

<VirtualHost *:80>

RewriteEngine On

RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off

RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}

</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:443>

SSLEngine on

SSLCertificateFile /path/to/my_domain_name.crt

SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/my_private.key

SSLCertificateChainFile /path/to/yCA.crt
# Rest of your site config

# ...

</VirtualHost>

Conclusion 

Unquestionably, in order to defend against growing cybersecurity threats, security measures must also be equally sophisticated. Installing SSL on Apache Linux and other operating systems is crucial since Apache web servers are susceptible to cyberattacks. Follow the instructions we went over, and don’t hesitate to leave a comment if you have any questions.

The post How to Set Up Apache HTTP with an SSL Certificate first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

These are the massive and useful collections of the important tools/software or command-line utility that might be useful for server administrators. If you are a system administrator or system engineer then you might need the help of tools to monitor and manage the servers.

Best List Of Free IPAM Tools For IP Address Management

IP Address Tracker: Free IPAM tool to scan, track, and manage IP addresses.

phpIPAM: phpIPM is an open-source web  IP address management tool for network administrators.

GestioIP: GestioIP is also a web-based IP address management software.  It is also integrated with Microsoft DNS by securing dynamic DNS updates with full IPv4/IPv6 support.

NiPaP – Neat Address Planner:  It is one of the best open-source IPAM software. NIPAP is a sleek, intuitive, and powerful IP address management system built to efficiently handle large amounts of IP addresses. It has native support of IPv6.

IP Plan: IPplan is a web-based, multilingual, IP address management, DNS, and tracking tool based on PHP 4, simplifying the administration of your IP address space.

Server Monitoring Tools For Linux In 2022

Cacti: Open-source web-based network monitoring tool.

Icigna: Open-source computer system and network monitoring application.

GoAccess is an open-source tool that runs in a terminal in *nix systems or via a browser. It is a  real-time web log analyzer and interactive viewer.

Nagios Core: Nagios Core, is a free and open-source computer-software application that offers monitoring and alerting services for servers, switches, applications, and services.

Zabbix: Zabbix is an enterprise-class open-source monitoring software tool.

SmokePing: It is loaded with plenty of features like Interactive graph explorer, a Wide range of latency measurement plugins, Live Latency Charts with the most ‘interesting’ graphs, and many more.

MultiTail:  It allows you to monitor log files and command output in multiple windows in a terminal. It uses colors to display the logfiles which makes them easy to read for users.

CPUlimit: It is a small tool that monitors and then limits the CPU usage of a process. cpulimit can be used to prevent a process from running for more than a specified time ratio.

Justniffer is a network protocol analyzer. It captures network traffic and produces logs. It gives you the option to choose whether to collect low-level data or high-level data with this sniffer.

Shinken: It is a Nagios-compatible monitoring framework, written in Python, and can be used to monitor your servers and applications.

top:  top is a processing activity monitoring command for Linux. It gives you a real-time view of a running system.

Run the following command in Linux to execute the top command:

sudo top

vmstat: The vmstat command lets you know about processes, memory, traps, paging, block IO, and CPU activity.

sudo vmstat

ps: Using ps command will help you to get a snapshot of the current processes. ps similar to the top command it provides you the more information.

sudo ps

pmap: The pmap command in Linux displays the memory usage map of a process or multiple processes. Monitors the process memory usage on Linux. We need process id which we can get from ps or top command:

sudo pmap PID

netstat: netstat is a Linux network and statistics monitoring tool. It is a built-in tool that is used to list out the TCP network connections, routing tables, and a number of network interfaces in the system.

sudo netstat

iptraf: iptraf command can be used to gather real-time network statistics on the Linux system. You can easily figure out the TCP connection packet and byte count, TCP/UDP traffic breakdowns, interface statistics and activity indicators, and station packet and byte count with this command.

sudo iptraf

iostat: This command is used for monitoring system input and system output. It helps to monitor Linux’s average CPU load and disk activity.

sudo iostat

sar: SAR or System Activity Report is a Unix System V-derived system monitor command which is used to check CPU activity, memory/paging, network, interrupts, device load, and swap space utilization.

mpstat: It is used to Monitor multiprocessor usage on Linux.

sudo mpstat

tcpdump: tcpdump is a common packet analyzer. tcpdump allows the user to display TCP/IP and other packets that are being transmitted or received over a network.

iotop: iotop is a Linux I/O monitoring tool. iotop tool is based on Python.

sudo iotop

htop: htop is similar to the top command. It is used to view the interactive process. It is a third-party application.

sudo htop

atop: atop is an interactive monitor tool to view the load on your Linux system, i.e. CPU, memory, disk, and network.

iftop: iftop is a real-time network monitoring tool. It can be used to monitor network bandwidth.

sudo iftop

nmon: nmon is short for Nigel’s performance Monitor for Linux on POWER. It displays and records local system information.

glances: glances is an open-source cross-platform monitoring tool for Linux-based operating systems. It is written in python. glances can be used to monitor CPU, Network Interfaces, Load Average, Memory, Disk I/O, Processes, and many more.

Nload : Nload is a command-line tool that is mainly used to monitor the network throughput.  The output of this tool can be seen using two graphs, one for incoming and one for the outgoing network.

yum install nload

or

sudo apt-get install nload

Collectd: collectd is a daemon that collects system and application performance metrics periodically. This tool gathers metrics from various sources which can be used to monitor systems and find possible bottlenecks.

The post List Of Useful Server Monitoring Tools For Linux System Administrator first appeared on AtoZ Linux.

Live streaming is one of the fastest-growing tech niches or tech segments these days. Thanks to the addictive gaming and tons of monetization options, Millions of people are engaged in live streaming.

Not only games, but people are also using live streams to engage with their users, share ideas, reviews, and many more. Today, we will discuss some of the best live streaming software for Linux and its derivatives.

Best Live Streaming Software For Linux Based Operating Systems in 2025

OBS:

OBS is one of the most popular live streaming software available in the internet right now. Easy to use and amazing interface makes it one of the widely used streaming software these days. It is a cross-platform application and is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux.   OBS is a free and open-source software for video recording and live streaming.  You can download it, install it and with few clicks you are ready to stream

Some of the amazing features of OBS:

1. You can set up an unlimited number of scenes that you can switch between seamlessly via custom transitions.
2. It is easy to configure and you can easily add new sources, duplicate existing ones, and adjust their properties effortlessly.
3. Multiple sources are available for the video as you can capture it from window, images, text, browser windows, webcams, capture cards, and more.
4. Noise gate, noise suppression, and gain feature available.

How To Install OBS In Linux?

For Ubuntu and it’s derivatives:

Pre-requirements:

1. xserver-xorg version 1.18.4 or newer is recommended
2. FFmpeg is required.
3. You need v4l2loopback-dkms installed for virtual camera support.

Run the following command to install ffmpeg on Ubuntu:

 sudo apt install ffmpeg

Now, run the following command to install v4l2loopback-dkms

sudo apt install v4l2loopback-dkms

Now, run the following commands to install OBS on Ubuntu and it’s derivatives. You can see multiple commands below where we have added the PPA of the OBS, run an update to our system and finally a command to install OBS studio on Ubuntu.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:obsproject/obs-studio
 sudo apt update
 sudo apt install obs-studio

For Arch based Linux:

Run the following command to install v4l2loopback-dkms:

sudo pacman -Sy v4l2loopback-dkms

You can simply run the following command to install OBS studio on Arch Linux.

 sudo pacman -S obs-studio

For Fedora:

• OBS Studio is included in RPM Fusion.

   sudo dnf install https://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm https://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm

• Then you can install OBS with the following command :

   sudo dnf install obs-studio

• For NVIDIA Hardware-accelerated encoding, make sure you have CUDA installed:

   sudo dnf install xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-cuda

• If you have an older card in your system, use this command instead:

   sudo dnf install xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-340xx-cuda

2. Restreamer

One of the interesting feature of Restreamer is that you can easily live stream videos and screencasts directly to your website without any streaming provider.  You can easily use it or integrate Restreamer with YouTube, Twitch, and many other popular streaming platform.

One of the thing that we don’t like about Restreamer is the installation process and we need to install the Docker to run it.

How To Install Restreamer In Linux?

For Ubuntu:

Setup a Docker:

Add Docker’s official GPG key:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl gnupg
sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg

Add the repository to Apt sources:

echo \
"deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
"$(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME")" stable" | \
sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
sudo apt-get update

Install Docker Package:

 sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin

Verify, Docker engine is running:

sudo docker run hello-world

Start the Restreamer

docker run -d --restart always \
    --name restreamer \
     -e "RS_USERNAME=admin" -e "RS_PASSWORD=datarhei" \
     -p 8080:8080 -v /mnt/restreamer/db:/restreamer/db \
     datarhei/restreamer:latest

Browse to http://your-device-ip:8080 and provide your login as the default login is:

• Username: admin
• Password: datarhei

3. VokoscreenNG

Written in Qt with the GStreamer library,  VokoscreenNG is a fork of the discontinued Vokoscreen project. It can easily record your Linux screen. It is available for Linux and Windows for free. You need to have X11, Wayland, PulseAudio, GStreamer-plugins installed in your system to use it.

How To Install VokoscreenNG in Linux?

For Ubuntu:

At first,

sudo apt-get install libxcb-xinerama0

Now,  Download vokoscreenNG-x.x.x-linux-x64-run.tar.gz
Unpack the downloaded file and start the installer.

For other Linux, kindly follow this link.

Some of the other Linux streaming software that you can try are:

• ffscreencast: It is a command-line streaming application and it uses the ffmpeg library.

The post Best Live Streaming Software For Linux In 2025 first appeared on AtoZ Linux.